Отримано 10.05.2024, Доопрацьовано 01.10.2024, Прийнято 17.12.2024
У контексті розвитку цифрових трансформацій роль ІТ‑компаній, завдяки яким створюються, впроваджуються та розвиваються інноваційні технології, зростає. Однак через те, що процес формування інновацій в економіці є тривалим, він потребує системного вивчення зокрема й з історичного погляду, тому метою статті було проведення історико-генетичного аналізу ІТ-сфери та ролі її інтелектуального капіталу в процесах появи та розвитку інноваційних технологій. Завдяки системному та порівняльному аналізу в статті проведено історико-генетичне дослідження інтелектуального капіталу ІТ‑компаній у рамках теорії технологічних укладів та інноваційної теорії австрійсько-американського економіста та історика економічної думки Йозефа Шумпетера. Аналіз проведено від початку появи ІТ‑сфери. У ході дослідження були проаналізовані основні досягнення ІТ‑сфери, описані базисні інновації в ІТ‑сфері в рамках інноваційних хвиль, їх роль та значення, а також проведено аналіз ролі та впливу інтелектуального капіталу в даних процесах. Починаючи з четвертої інноваційної хвилі, коли почали з’являтись перші наробки в напрямку дослідження інтелектуального капіталу, проведено паралельний історико-генетичний аналіз ІТ-сфери та інтелектуального капіталу. Виявлено кореляцію появи інновацій в ІТ-сфері з етапами протікання інноваційних хвиль Йозефа Шумпетера та причиною скорочення їхньої тривалості. Виявлено, що імплементація цифрових трансформацій та пов’язаних із ними інноваційних технологій сильно залежить від якості інтелектуального капіталу ІТ‑сфери, в якій концентруються інтелектуальні зусилля при створенні рішень спрямованих на прискорення різноманітних економічних та управлінських процесів. Результати проведеного дослідження дають більш системне уявлення про причини виникнення інтелектуального капіталу ІТ‑компаній і його зв’язку з розвитком інноваційних технологій та цифрових трансформацій, що має як теоретичне, так і практичне значення
еволюційно-історичний аналіз; інноваційна теорія Шумпетера; нематеріальні активи; ІТ індустрія; діджиталізація
[1] 100 years of Enigma. (2024). Retrieved from https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/milestones/enigma/index.html.
[2] A short history of the Web. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://home.cern/science/computing/birth-web/short-history-web.
[3] Admission campaign is going on as usual, despite an increase in the number of admissions. (2021). Retrieved from https://mon.gov.ua/news/vstupna-kampaniya-prokhodit-u-zvichnomu-rezhimi-nezvazhayuchi-na-zbilshennya-kilkosti-vstupnikiv.
[4] Aduna-Lira, E.A. (2022). Management and measurement of intellectual capital (intangible assets) in organizations. Iberoamerican Journal of Accounting, Economics and Management, 11(21), 53-78. doi: 10.23913/ricea.v11i21.183.
[5] Andreichikov, O. (2024). Intellectual capital of IT companies as a factor of innovation and modernization of the post-war reconstruction of the economy. In IV international scientific and practical conference of young scientists and students of higher education: Problems and prospects of business development in Ukraine (pp. 316-318). Lviv: Lviv University of Trade and Economics.
[6] Baltes, L. (2024). The birth of domains: What was the first domain name ever registered? Retrieved from https://www.onlydomains.com/blog/what-was-the-first-domain-name-ever-registered/.
[7] Barber, S. (2022). Dot-com bubble history remains relevant. Retrieved from https://www.modwm.com/dot-com-bubble-history-remains-relevant/.
[8] Barfield, R. (2021). Computer programing a brief history. Retrieved from https://www.bricsys.com/blog/computer-programing-a-brief-history.
[9] Bessarab, A., Mitchuk, O., Baranetska, A., Kodatska, N., Kvasnytsia, O., & Mykytiv, G. (2021). Social networks as a phenomenon of the information society. Journal of Optimization in Industrial Engineering, 14, 17-24. doi: 10.22094/JOIE.2020.677811.
[10] Conover, E. (2024). Artificial intelligence helped scientists create a new type of battery. Retrieved from https://www.sciencenews.org/article/artificial-intelligence-new-battery.
[11] Da Silva, M.D., da Costa, F.R., Cunha, A., Casagrande, S.L., & Peres, A.R. (2024). History and legacy of Alan Turing for computer science. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 12(2), 1047-1056. doi: 10.18535/ijsrm/v12i02.ec06.
[12] De Groot, E.A., Segers, R., & Prins, D. (2021). Disentangling the enigma of multi-structured economic cycles – a new appearance of the golden ratio. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 169, article number 120793. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120793.
[13] Department of computer science. History of the department. (2023). Retrieved from https://www.cs.purdue.edu/history/index.html.
[14] Diia, Mriya and WINWIN: The Ministry of Digital presented the vision and results of the digital transformation of Ukraine in Davos. (2024). Retrieved from https://thedigital.gov.ua/news/diya-mriya-i-winwin-mintsifra-predstavila-bachennya-i-rezultati-tsifrovoi-transformatsii-ukraini-v-davosi.
[15] Draft Law of Ukraine No. 10225-1 “On Amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine and Other Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Regulating the Turnover of Virtual Assets in Ukraine”. (2023, November). Retrieved from https://itd.rada.gov.ua/billInfo/Bills/Card/43232.
[16] Duboust, O. (2023). Scientists discover the first new antibiotics in over 60 years using AI. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/health/2023/12/31/scientists-discover-the-first-new-antibiotics-in-over-60-years-using-ai.
[17] Edgar F. Codd. The inventor made relational databases possible. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/history/edgar-codd.
[18] ENIAC (electronic numerical integrator and computer). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/j-presper-eckert-and-john-mauchly.
[19] Espinosa-Gracia, A., & Sánchez-Chóliz, J. (2023). Long waves, paradigm shifts, and income distribution, 1929-2010 and afterwards. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 33, 1365-1396. doi: 10.1007/s00191-02-00843-5.
[20] FORTRAN. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/history/fortran.
[21] Francis, G., & Kirkegaard, E.O.W. (2022). National intelligence and economic growth: A Bayesian update. Mankind Quarterly, 63(1), 9-78. doi: 10.46469/mq.2022.63.1.2.
[22] Goddard, J. (2019). 70 years since the first computer designed for practical everyday use. Retrieved from https://www.cst.cam.ac.uk/news/70-years-first-computer-designed-practical-everyday-use.
[23] Hagey, K., & Fitch, A. (2024). Sam Altman seeks trillions of dollars to reshape business of chips and AI. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/sam-altman-seeks-trillions-of-dollars-to-reshape-business-of-chips-and-ai-89ab3db0.
[24] Heide, L. (2009). U.S. challengers to Hollerith. In Punched-card systems and the early information explosion, 1880-1945 (pp. 68-104). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. doi: 10.1353/book.3454.
[25] Hu, L., Liu, G., & Gao, G. (2023). The periodization and analytical framework of economic long waves: A new study from the perspective of historical materialism. World Review of Political Economy, 14(2), 174-203. doi: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.14.2.0174.
[26] IBMers. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/history/ibmers.
[27] IcTracker valuation of stocks with industry “software infrastructure” in. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.attainix.com/ICTrackerSummary.aspx?indcode=Software%20Infrastructure.US.
[28] Individuals using the Internet (% of population). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?end=2022&skipRedirection=true&start=1990&type=shaded&view=chart.
[29] Interview of Andriy Poddyerogin about the digital money of central banks and the e-hryvnia for the Economic Truth podcast “Chronicles of economy”. (2024). Retrieved from https://bank.gov.ua/ua/news/all/intervyu-andriya-poddyerogina-pro-tsifrovi-groshi-tsentralnih-bankiv-ta-e-grivnyu-dlya-podkastu-ekonomichnoyi-pravdi-hroniki-ekonomiki.
[30] Introduction to IMS. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/zos-basic-skills?topic=now-history-ims-beginnings-nasa.
[31] IT Ukraine Association. (2022). Do IT like Ukraine. Kyiv: IT Ukraine Association.
[32] John Tukey, unsung man of science. (2024). Retrieved from https://texasleansixsigma.com/john–tukey–unsung–man–of–science/.
[33] Kimani, J., & Kibera, M. (2023). Evolution of risks facing commercial banks in Kenya and associated strategic responses. International Journal of Modern Risk Management, 1(2), 56-65. doi: 10.47604/ijmrm.2245.
[34] KitSoft developed a prototype of a web3 registry for real estate and land. (2024). Retrieved from https://kitsoft.ua/blog/Kitsoft-developed-a-prototype-of-a-web3-registry-for-real-estate-and-land.
[35] Konrad Ernst Otto Zuse. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://cp.tu-berlin.de/person/2203.
[36] Korytko, Т., & Bryl, I. (2021). Intellectual capital of the enterprise and its evaluation in the conditions of digitalization. Economy of Industry, 1(93), 92-110. doi: 10.15407/econindustry2021.01.092.
[37] Kovchuga, L. (2021). Innovative development as a factor in increasing competitiveness in branches of the Ukrainian industry. (Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Industrial Economics at the National Academy of Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine).
[38] Leavitt, H.J., & Whisler, T.L. (1958). Management in the 1980’s. Harvard Business Review, 36(6), 41-48.
[39] Listed domestic companies, total – United States. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/CM.MKT.LDOM.NO?locations=US.
[40] Madhavaram, S., Appan, R., Manis, K.T., & Browne, G.J. (2023). Building capabilities for software development firm competitiveness: The role of intellectual capital and intra-firm relational capital. Information & Management, 60(2), article number 103744. doi: 10.1016/j.im.2022.103744.
[41] Metz, C. (2019). Randy Suess, computer bulletin board inventor, dies at 74. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/20/technology/randy–suess–dead.html.
[42] Miller, M.J. (2021). The rise of DOS: How Microsoft got the IBM PC OS contract. Retrieved from https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-rise-of-dos-how-microsoft-got-the-ibm-pc-os-contract.
[43] Mucci, T. (2024). What is structured query language (SQL)? Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/structured-query-language.
[44] Narkus, S. (2012). Kondratieff, N. and Schumpeter, Joseph A. long-waves theory. Analysis of long-cycles theory. (Master thesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway).
[45] NASDAQ. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nasdaq50.com.
[46] National Science Board. (2000). Science and engineering indicators 2000 (Vol. 1). Arlington: National Science Foundation.
[47] New horizons with new challenges. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ourhistory.morganstanley.com/documentary/new-horizons-with-new-challenges.
[48] Oliinyk, V. (2024). The volume of export of IT services from Ukraine in 2023 decreased by 8.4% and amounted to $6.7 billion. Retrieved from https://ain.ua/2024/01/31/ukrayinskyj-it-eksport-u-2023-roczi-skorotyvsya-na-84.
[49] Ostrovska, H., Tsikh, H., Strutynska, I., Kinash, I., Pietukhova, O., Golovnya, О., & Shehynska, N. (2021). Building an effective model of intelligent entrepreneurship development in digital economy. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 6(13(114)), 49-59. doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2021.244916.
[50] Petrunenko, I., Kozlovskyi, S., Bolhov, V., Akhnovska, I., Lavrov, R., & Bolgarova, N. (2022). Civilizational cycles and economic development in the context of technological transitions and global pandemics. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 18(4), 191-202. doi: 10.14254/1800-5845/2022.18-4.16.
[51] RAMAC. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/history/ramac.
[52] Results of digital transformation in the regions of Ukraine for 2023. (2024). Retrieved from https://www.kmu.gov.ua/news/rezultaty-tsyfrovoi-transformatsii-v-rehionakh-ukrainy-za-2023-rik.
[53] Revellino, S., & Mouritsen, J. (2023). Intellectual capital, innovation and the bushy form of knowledge capitalisation. Journal of Management and Governance, 28, 957-984. doi: 10.1007/s10997-023-09691-8.
[54] Scaling educational opportunities with Mriya: The government supported the launch of the application. (2024). Retrieved from https://thedigital.gov.ua/news/masshtabuemo-osvitni-mozhlivosti-z-mrieyu-uryad-pidtrimav-zapusk-zastosunku.
[55] Schaffer, S. (2019). Ideas embodied in metal: Babbage’s engines dismembered and remembered. In J. Nall, L. Taub & F. Willmoth (Eds.), The Whipple Museum of the history of science: Objects and investigations, to celebrate the 75th anniversary of R.S. Whipple’s gift to the University of Cambridge (pp. 119-158). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/9781108633628.007.
[56] Shaneeb, P., & Sumathy, M. (2021). Impact of intellectual capital on firm performance in Indian IT companies. The Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 27(2), 4335-4340. doi: 10.47750/cibg.2021.27.02.459.
[57] Shchehlov, V., & Morozova, O. (2022). Methods and technologies for the development of digital twins for guarantee-capable systems of the industrial internet of things. Control, Navigation and Communication Systems, 4(70), 127-137. doi: 10.26906/SUNZ.2022.4.127.
[58] Shestakovska, T., & Yarovoi, T. (2020). Intellectual capital management of the country: World experience and domestic realities. Scientific Notes of “KROK” University, 3(59), 89-96. doi: 10.31732/2663-2209-2020-9-89-96.
[59] Spicer, D. (2023). ERMA can do it! Retrieved from https://computerhistory.org/blog/erma-can-do-it/.
[60] Starkova, O., & Andreichikov, O. (2024). The role of intellectual capital in the context of the development of IT companies. In All-Ukrainian scientific and practical conference of young scientists, graduate students and students’ information technology and engineering (pp. 20-22). Mykolaiv: Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University.
[61] Story of the Jacquard invention. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.mingei-project.eu/story-of-the-jacquard-invention/.
[62] Strawn, G. (2023). Masterminds of punched-card data processing: Herman Hollerith and John Billings. IT Professional, 25(6), 90-93. doi: 10.1109/MITP.2023.3333074.
[63] Synergy of education and innovation: How it’s education will develop in Ukraine. (2023). Retrieved from https://mon.gov.ua/news/sinergiya-osviti-ta-innovatsiy-yak-rozvivatimetsya-it-osvita-v-ukraini.
[64] Telles, K. (2024). Pursuing a grand theory: Douglass C. North and the early making of a new institutional social science (1950-1981). EconomiA, 25(1), 109-156. doi: 10.1108/ECON-07-2023-0119.
[65] The history of BIND. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.isc.org/bindhistory/.
[66] The history of IT. (2024). Retrieved from https://www.sharp.co.uk/news-and-events/blog/the-history-of-it.
[67] Tindsley, C. (2023). Celebrating 75 years of Baby. Retrieved from https://blog.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/celebrating-75-years-of-baby/.
[68] Top AI & big data tokens by market capitalization. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://coinmarketcap.com/view/ai-big-data.
[69] Venture capital: Lessons from the dot-com days. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://cfasocietysingapore.org/weekly_insight/venture-capital-lessons-from-the-dot-com-days/.
[70] Waves of change: Understanding the driving force of innovation cycles. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/this–is–a–visualization–of–the–history–of–innovation–cycles.
[71] What is bitcoin? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.coinbase.com/learn/crypto-basics/what-is-bitcoin.
[72] Who invented the Internet? (2023). Retrieved from https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001016.htm.
[73] Yehorov, I. (Ed.). (2020). The formation of “smart specialization” in the economy of Ukraine. Kyiv: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.